克什米尔语
印度宪法承认的语言之一
条目
历史版本
克什米尔语（英语：Kashmiri / 克什米尔语：कॉशुर ）是印度次大陆克什米尔人的语言，是印度宪法承认的语言之一。属印欧语系、印度语族。克什米尔语是属于印欧语系印度-伊朗语族的印度-雅利安语支。语序一般为SVO，且有动词第二顺位的存在。[1][2][3]使用人口约300万。它的标准语言形成于14世纪。[4]
词语解释
克什米尔语的音系里还有印度语言中常见的齿音、龈音和卷舌音的区别，但是浊塞音的送气音已经消失。例如bat（饭），旁遮普语作bhtt；dd（牛奶），印地语作dūdh；gur（马），印地语作gho╱a。鼻音有顺同化倾向。例如dand（牙齿），来源于[[梵语]] danta，t在n后变成 d；don（搅乳棒），中古雅利安语作 da╯a（杖），╨被鼻音吞没。克什米尔语的名词有主格、对格、夺格和施动格。使用后置词，如gar╣jas-andar（车房-里）。句子的基 本词序是主语—动词—宾语，与印度语言的通例（主语—宾语—动词）不同。它的词汇来源复杂，有德尔德语、梵语、旁遮普语、波斯语的成分。克什米尔语的传统文字是 沙拉达文；现在通行阿拉伯字母。在印度教徒中，梵文天城体字母也在使用。[5]
日常用语
英语 | 克什米尔语 |
Welcome | - |
Hello (General greeting) | Assalām ‘alaikum (>Muslims) Namaskār (>Hindus) Halo (inf) आदाब । (aadaab) |
How are you? | तोहय छिवा वारय? (tohy ch'ivaa vaarai?) |
Reply to 'How are you?' | वारय, शुकिया । त’ तीहय? (vaarai, shukriyaa tiu tohy?) |
Long time no see | - |
What's your name? | त्वहि क्या छु नाव? (Twahi kyaa ch'u naav?) |
My name is ... | मे छु नाव ... (Me ch'u naav ...) |
Where are you from? | शबे खैर । (Tohy katik ch'v?) |
I'm from ... | ब’ छुस रीजान ... (biu ch'us rozaan ...) - m ब’ छस रीजान ... (biu ch'as rozaan) |
Pleased to meet you | मे सप’ज़ खोशी त्वहि मीलिध । (Me sapiuz k'oshee twahu meelit') |
Good morning (Morning greeting) | - |
Good afternoon (Afternoon greeting) | - |
Good evening (Evening greeting) | - |
Good night | शबे खैर । (shabey k'eūr) |
Goodbye (Parting phrases) | Khuda hāfiz (>Muslim) Namaskār (>Hindus) अलवीदा । (alvidaa) |
Good luck! | - |
Cheers! Good Health! (Toasts used when drinking) | - |
Have a nice day | - |
Bon appetit / Have a nice meal | - |
Bon voyage / Have a good journey | - |
I understand | ब’ छुस ज़ानान । (biu ch'us zaanaan) - m ब’ छस ज़ानान । (biu ch'as zaanaan) - f |
I don't understand | ब’ छुस न’ ज़ानान । (biu ch'us niu zaanaan) - m ब’ छस न’ ज़ानान । (biu ch'as niu zaanaan) - f Mê chunė phikrī tarān |
I don't know | - |
Please speak more slowly | तोहय हेकिवा वार’ वार’ वॅनिव । (tohy hekivaa vaariu vaariu veuniv) |
Please say that again | तोहय हेकिवा दुबार’ वॅनिथ । (tohy hekivaa dubaariu veunit') |
Please write it down | - |
Do you speak English? | तोहय छिवा अंगरीज़ी बोलान? (tohy chivā angrīzī bolān) Çė chukhė aņgrīz bolān? |
Do you speakKashmiri? | - |
Yes, a little (reply to 'Do you speak ...?') | - |
How do you say ... inKashmiri | - |
Excuse me | वय त्रॅाविव । (vat' treūviv) -to get past यपॅारय । (yapeūry) -to get attention |
How much is this? | यि का’तिस छु? (yi keūtis ch'u) |
Sorry | माफ कॅरिव । (maap' keuriv) |
Please | मेहरबॅानी । (meharbeūnee) |
Thank you | शुकिया / شکریہ (shukriya) |
Reply to thank you | - |
Where's the toilet? | टायलेट कति छि? (ṭaaylet kati ch'u!) |
This gentleman/lady will pay for everything | - |
Would you like to dance with me? | - |
I miss you | - |
I love you | - |
Get well soon | - |
Go away! | च़ल! (tsa!) |
Leave me alone! | - |
Help! | मदथ! (madat'!) |
Fire! | नार! (naar!) |
Stop! | ठहर! (ṭeuhar!) |
Call the police! | बुलॅाविव पुलीस! (buleūviv pulees!) |
Christmas and New Year greetings | नवरेह मुबारक / ﻧﻮﺭﻳﮩﮧ ﻣﺒﺎﺭﮎ (navreh mubarak) -Happy New Year |
Easter greetings | - |
Birthday greetings | - |
One language is never enough | - |
My hovercraft is full of eels Why this phrase? | - |